Potentiometers

Potentiometry is a method of determining various physicochemical quantities based on the measurement of the electromotive forces (EMF) of reversible galvanic elements. In other words, the dependence of the equilibrium potential of the electrode on the activity concentration of the ion being determined, described by the Nernst equation. Potentiometry is widely used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of substances in solutions (potentiometric titration) and to measure pH.

Potentiometric analysis can be applied in several ways. The first is direct potentiometry. It is most often used to measure pH levels and is dependent upon the type of electrode used. This method is the simplest. The second method is potentiometric titration, which is carried out in many variants. Its essence is that to calculate the indicators carry out a series of chemical reactions under the control of an ion-selective electrode. This method differs from the previous one by more labor-intensive, but also by a more accurate result. And the third method - the method of additives - related to the above described. It is carried out in many variants, which allow the analysis of small concentrations.